Pulse-Width Modulation, or PWM, is one of the ways display makers can use to adjust the display's brightness. PWM is considered to be an easy (or cost-effective) way to control the brightness, but it has serious drawbacks, such as flicker that may cause eye strain and headaches. In this article we'll discuss PWM and its effects on OLED displays.

PWM basics

PWM is easiest to understand in displays that use backlight, like LCDs. In LCDs that use PWM, the backlight is always on at its fullest brightness. If you want to achieve a lower brightness, you turn the display on and off in a very high frequency. This frequency is not perceived by the human eye, which usually sees anything that flickers faster than about 60Hz (60 times per seconds) as consistent. Some people, however, are much more sensitive to flicker.

So if you want to achieve 50% brightness, you run your backlight in a 50% duty cycle (half of the time it is on, and half of the time it is off). This will be perceived as half as bright compared to a 100% duty cycle. PWM is easy to implement and it also can be highly efficient.

PWM drawbacks

As we said, PWM has serious drawbacks. PWM can lead to all sorts of discomforts, including headaches and even migraines after long-term exposure. Several studied claim that about 10% of people experience discomfort when viewing PWM displays (while the rest are either completely okay or with some very mild discomfort). Some people suffer very badly and the flickering may result in other health issues.

The alternative to PWM (which can be thought of as digital brightness control) is to control the brightness using analog means - by driving using lower voltage (or current, depends on the display), and keep the light emitting at a 100% duty cycle.

PWM and OLED

Now let's look at OLED displays. With an OLED, each sub-pixel is controlled individually and there is no backlight of course. An analog brightness control could be easy to implement - but with some OLED materials the emitted color changes with the voltage which makes this a bit more complicated to control.

According to our information, Samsung uses PWM (actually in combination with an analog brightness control) in all its mobile AMOLED displays. Consumers that suffer from flicker has tested and found PWM on many of Samsung's AMOLEDs.

The following two images show camera-based of Samsung's Tab S 10.5 (left) and Samsung Galaxy J7 2017 (right). The Tab S flickers at about 264 Hz while the J7 flickers at around 225 Hz.

I tried testing for PWM on my LG 55" OLEDB6 OLED TV, taking a photo of a single white line (at 50% brightness) while moving my camera. This resulted in the photo you can see below, which seems to show that there's no PWM - although according to my information LGD (like SDC) is using a combination of PWM and analog control. This camera-based test can only detect low PWM rates and it may be that these OLEDs use a faster PWM that I could not detect. If anyone has more information on LGD's OLED TVs and PWM - please comment below.

Reducing flicker

I have discussed this with display-measurement expert Raymond Soneira from DisplayMate. Raymond confirms that he gets many e-mails from users of both LCD and OLED displays that sense flicker and suffer from visual fatigue and headaches. Some of this flicker, note, can be content related - as some streaming and video services may reduce the screen refresh rate or the frame rate below 60 Hz. Scrolling screen content also introduces additional flicker from the updating. For TVs, Intra-Frame Motion Interpolation can also produce picture flicker.

Below is advice that Raymond sends to readers, with flicker-related advice:

1. To minimize flicker effects do not watch the display in the dark, because the ambient light minimizes the flicker amplitude that reaches your eyes. Also avoid fluorescent and similar lighting that produces its own flicker that can beat with the display refresh rates.

2. Don't sit too close to the display, because it will fill a larger portion of your visual field, plus peripheral vision is more sensitive to flicker.

3. To minimize PWM flicker, operate the display at its maximum brightness because that provides the highest duty cycle. (editor: note that high brightness levels may harm your eyesight. It may be wise to use high display brightness in conjunction with brightness correspondingly decreased programmatically via graphics driver).

4. For TVs, monitors and laptops look for published screen refresh rates of 120 Hz or greater. For PCs set the highest available refresh rate.

5. People with very high flicker sensitivity may need to switch to LCD displays, which have relatively slow response times that will dampen any flicker. The LCDs should have full 24-bit color without Frame Rate Control (FRC) found in 18-bit (or less) displays. (editor: some users, however, complain of other issues with LCDs, for example crystal inversion that cause a half-RT flicker).

For more information, you can check out DisplayMate's Mobile and TV Shoot-Out main pages with articles that discuss some of these issues: Mobile Display Technology Shoot-Out article series and TV and Multimedia Display Technology Shoot-Out article series.

I would also like to thank OLED-Info's long-time reader Marat Tanalin for his help in this post.